bca 发表于 2022-3-3 07:33:32

Otherwise与定语从句:要不然,事情会是另外的模样

要不然,事情会是另外的模样:Otherwise与定语从句本文我们来分析otherwise在定语从句中的用法。首先请看2013年考研英语(一)完型填空中的一句话。This might sound small, but to undo theeffects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than wouldotherwise have been necessary.本句的难点是than would otherwise have been necessary这一部分,其中的otherwise用在定语从句结构中,并与虚拟语气搭配使用。之所以要用虚拟语气,是因为otherwise的基本含义是“在相反的情况下”或“要不然的话”,表达的是与前面提到的真实情况相反的一个假设情形。Otherwise的这一用法既可以出现在that/which/who引导的普通定语从句(下文统称为“that定语从句”)中,也可以出现在than引导的特殊定语从句(下文简称为“than定语从句”)中。下面我们分别来看otherwise在that定语从句和than定语从句中的用法特点。Otherwise用于that定语从句在此类定语从句中,关系代词that可以充当定语从句的主语或非主语(如宾语、表语),otherwise所表达的虚拟可以是对现在虚拟,也可以是对过去虚拟。下面我们来具体分析。That 充当定语从句的主语在关系代词that充当主语的定语从句中,如果otherwise表达的虚拟是对现在虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“ifit were not for…”,此时that定语从句的结构为“that would otherwise+动词原形”。请看下面的例句。1 They support the services that wouldotherwise be uneconomical.他们对这些服务提供了极大的支持,要不然的话,这些服务将会花费不菲。下面就利用这个例句来向大家揭示otherwise用于that定语从句时的用法特点。特点一:定语从句相当于一个虚拟主句,常用到would等情态动词,而相应的if虚拟条件句被省去了。在that would otherwise be uneconomical这个定语从句中,that指代services,因此这个定语从句相当于一个虚拟主句:“The services would be uneconomical.”既然有了虚拟主句,那么if虚拟条件从句在哪里?这就涉及该句型的第二个特点。特点二:定语从句中出现的otherwise是针对主句所述情形进行的相反假设,相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for…”。句1中的主句they support the services可以写成虚拟条件从句if it werenot for their support,或者写成if they didn't support the services,这也就是otherwise所表达的含义。将这个虚拟条件从句与上面的虚拟主句结合起来,就构成这样一个完整的虚拟句:“The services would be uneconomical if it were not for their support.”所以,句1相当于下面的两句话。a. They support the services.他们对这些服务提供了支持。b. The services would be uneconomical if itwere not for their support.如果没有他们的支持,这些服务将会花费不菲。由此我们可以得出此类定语从句的语义特点,具体见下文“特点三”的论述。特点三:定语从句的基本含义是“如果不是主句所描述的那样,就会出现定语从句所描述的情形”。上面的例句是对现在虚拟,如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for…”,此时that定语从句的结构为“that would otherwise have+过去分词”。请看下面的例句。2 With the teacher's help, I found manyerrors that would otherwise have been overlooked.在老师的帮助下,我发现了很多原本可能被忽略的错误。解析:本句中定语从句的关系代词that指代先行词many errors,充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“Many errors would have been overlooked if it had not been for the teacher'shelp.”(如果当时没有老师的帮助,很多错误就会被忽略了。)That不充当定语从句的主语除了主语,that也可以充当定语从句的宾语或表语。在这样的定语从句中,如果otherwise表达的是对现在虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for…”,此时that定语从句的结构为“that somebody would otherwise+动词原形”。请看下面的例句。3 This(anesthesia)allows patients toundergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain that theywould otherwise experience.这(麻醉)能够让病人在手术和其他治疗过程中免受折磨和痛苦。要不然的话,他们就会受这些罪。解析:本句的关系代词that指代先行词distress and pain,充当experience的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“They would experience distress and pain if it were not for anesthesia.”(如果没有麻醉,病人就会遭受折磨和痛苦。)如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for…”,此时that定语从句中的结构为“that somebody would otherwise have+过去分词”。请看下面的例句。4 He was lured into a crime that he wouldnot otherwise have committed.他是被引诱犯罪的,要不然的话,他是不会犯的。解析:本句中关系代词that指代先行词crime,充当commit的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“He would not have committed the crime if he had not been lured into it.”(如果他当时没有受引诱,他就不会犯罪了。)由此可见,在that不充当主语的定语从句中,otherwise的用法同样符合上文总结出的三个特点。Otherwise用于than定语从句掌握了otherwise在that定语从句中的用法,我们就容易理解otherwise在than定语从句中的含义和用法特点了。参照上述三个特点,otherwise用于than定语从句时的用法特点可以归纳如下。特点一:定语从句相当于虚拟主句,改写的时候要注意采用否定形式(这一点不同于that定语从句)。特点二: Otherwise相当于虚拟条件从句“if it were not for…”或“if it had not been for…”。特点三:定语从句的基本含义是“要不然,就不会出现定语从句所描述的情形”,注意这里采用了否定形式(这一点不同于that定语从句)。Than 充当定语从句的主语如果是对现在虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件句“ifit were not for…”,此时than定语从句中的结构为“than would otherwise+动词原形”。请看下面的例句。5 Big chains thrive because they providegoods and services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost thanwould otherwise be available.大型连锁商店之所以能蓬勃发展,是因为它们所提供的产品和服务种类更多、质量更好、成本更低。如果没有这样的大型连锁商店,就不会有这样的产品和服务。解析:本句的关系代词than指代先行词“goods and services of greater variety, better quality, and lower cost”,充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“Goods and services of greater variety, better quality, and lowercost would not be available if it were not for big chains.”(如果没有这样的大型连锁商店,就不会有这样种类更多、质量更好、成本更低的产品和服务。)
注意,虚拟主句中添加了否定词not,说成would notbe available,才能表达than定语从句的含义。如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for…”,此时than定语从句的结构为“than would otherwise have+过去分词”。本文开头的句子就是这种情况(This might sound small, but to undo the effects of such a decreasea candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been necessary)。该句中的otherwise用于than定语从句,关系代词than指代先行词30 moreGMAT points,充当定语从句的主语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“Thirty more GMAT points would not have been necessary if it had not beenfor such a decrease.”(如果没有这个降分,GMAT考试多出的30分本来是不需要的。) 句首的this指代原题的前文中提到的平均0.075的降分。整个句子意思如下:“这个(平均0.075的)降分看起来也许不多,但要消除它的影响,一名申请者的GMAT考试就要多考出本来不需要的30分。”Than 不充当定语从句的主语在than充当宾语或表语的定语从句中,如果是对现在虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件句“if it were not for…”,此时than定语从句中的结构为“than somebody would otherwise+动词原形”。有统计数据表明,学历越高挣钱相对会越多,用英文可以这样表达:“Well-educated people make more money than those less well-educated.”另一方面,我们也可以与自身进行比较,比如可以说:“受过良好教育的人所挣的钱比他们不受良好教育的情况下挣得多。”这时就需要用到上面讲到的otherwise虚拟句型了。6 Well-educated people make more money thanthey would otherwise do.受过良好教育的人能挣到更多的钱,如果没有良好的教育,他们就挣不到这么多钱。解析:本句中定语从句的关系代词than指代先行词money,充当定语从句的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“They would not make so much money if it were not for their good education.”(如果没有良好的教育,他们不会挣到这么多钱。)如果是对过去虚拟,otherwise就相当于虚拟条件从句“if it had not been for…”,此时than定语从句的结构为“than somebody would otherwise have+过去分词”。请看下面的例句。7 With the teacher's help, the student gotbetter grades than he would otherwise have done.因为老师的帮助,这个学生考出了他本来考不到的好成绩。解析:本句中定语从句的关系代词than指代先行词grades,充当定语从句的宾语。整个定语从句相当于这样一个完整的虚拟句:“He would not have gotten such good grades if it had not been for theteacher's help.”(如果没有老师的帮助,他就考不出这么好的成绩。)综上所述,otherwise用于定语从句中的句型结构可以归纳为下表。
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