中学英语词语辨析say, tell, talk, speak

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tell
指把一件事情传达给别人或讲述一件事情、一个故事等。常用做及物动词。常见搭配：
tell sb. sth., tell the news, tell stories / jokes / lies, tell the truth, tell a secret...

say
一般着重讲话的内容，指有连贯性的说话，通常用做及物动词。
  'That was marvellous,' said Daniel.   "好极了。"丹尼尔说。
  Be quiet, I have something to say.    安静,我有话要说。
  She said nothing to me about it.    她没有跟我说过这件事。
  He knew that if he wasn't back by midnight, his parents would have something to say about it (= be angry).   他知道,要是他半夜还不回去,父母就会不高兴。
  That's a terrible thing to say.   这话说不得。
  I didn't believe a word she said.    她说的话我一句都不信。
  He said (that) his name was Sam.    他说他叫萨姆。
  It is said that she lived to be over 100.  据说她活了100多岁。

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talk
“说话”、“谈话”，指一般的谈话或交谈。一般用做不及物动词，与to、with、about、of(talk of 意思是“说起”)等介词连用。
少数情况下可以用作及物动词，比如：
to talk business
Are they talking Swedish or Danish?    他们说的是瑞典语还是丹麦语？ 【不如speak正规】
专门用在  “说/讲(有理、无理的话，比如后加sense, rubbish)”:
   She talks a lot of sense.    她讲得很在理。
   (BrE) You're talking rubbish!    你胡说八道！
   See if you can talk some sense into him (= persuade him to be sensible).    看你能否给他讲通道理。
   Look, Mark, it’s time we talked turkey. How much money can you invest in the company? 喂，马克，我们该认真地谈谈实际问题了。你能给公司投多少钱？【talk turkey 认真商谈；一本正经地谈论；直截了当地说】

speak
做及物动词时，宾语常是表示语言的词。
   to speak several languages    会讲几种语言
   to speak a little Urdu    会说一点乌尔都语
   Do you speak English?    你会说英语吗？
做不及物动词，用法类似于talk.
    I've spoken to the manager about it.    那件事我已经和经理谈过了。
   The President refused to speak to the waiting journalists.    总统拒绝同等候的记者讲话。
   (especially NAmE) Can I speak with you for a minute?    我能跟你谈一会儿吗？
   'Can I speak to Susan?' 'Speaking.' "请让苏珊接电话好吗？" "我就是。"
   She still speaks about him with great affection.    说起他来她依旧一往情深。
和上文中的tell用法类似，意思是“说；讲述”:
   She was clearly speaking the truth.   她讲的显然是实情。