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The True Story of Ah-Q (9: The Grand Finale)

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发表于 2022-2-28 10:49:57 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

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The True Story of Ah-Q
Chapter 9: The Grand Finale
After the Chao family was robbed most of the people in Weichuang felt pleased yet fearful, and Ah Q was no exception. But four days later Ah Q was suddenly dragged into town in the middle of the night. It happened to be a dark night. A squad of soldiers, a squad of militia, a squad of police and five secret servicemen made their way quietly to Weichuang, and, after posting a machine-gun opposite the entrance, under cover of darkness they surrounded the Tutelary God's Temple. Ah Q did not rush out. For a long time nothing stirred in the temple. The captain grew impatient and offered a reward of twenty thousand cash. Only then did two militiamen summon up courage to jump over the wall and enter. With their co-operation from within, the others rushed in and dragged Ah Q out. But not until he had been carried out of the temple to somewhere near the machine-gun did he begin to sober up.
It was already midday by the time they reached town, and Ah Q found himself carried to a dilapidated yamen where, after taking five or six turnings, he was pushed into a small room. No sooner had he stumbled inside than the door, made of wooden bars to form a grating, closed upon his heels. The rest of the room consisted of three blank walls, and when he looked round carefully he saw two other men in a corner of the room.
Although Ah Q was feeling rather uneasy, he was by no means too depressed, because the room where he slept in the Tutelary God's Temple was in no way superior to this. The two other men also seemed to be villagers. They gradually fell into conversation with him, and one of them told him that the successful provincial candidate wanted to dun him for the rent owed by his grandfather; the other did not know why he was there. When they questioned Ah Q, he answered quite frankly, "Because I wanted to revolt."
That afternoon he was dragged out through the barred door and taken to a big hall, at the far end of which sat an old man with a cleanly shaven head. Ah Q took him for a monk at first, but when he saw soldiers standing guard and a dozen men in long coats on both sides, some with their heads clean shaven like this old man and some with a foot or so of hair hanging over their shoulders like the Imitation Foreign Devil, all glaring furiously at him with grim faces, he knew this man must be someone important. At once the joints of his knees relaxed of their own accord, and he sank down.
"Stand up to speak! Don't kneel!" shouted all the men in the long coats.
Although Ah Q understood, he felt incapable of standing up: his body had involuntarily dropped to a squatting position, and improving on it he finally knelt down.
"Slave!" exclaimed the long-coated men contemptuously. They did not insist on his getting up, however.
"Tell the truth and you will receive a lighter sentence," said the old man with the shaven head, in a low but clear voice, fixing his eyes on Ah Q. "I know everything already. When you have confessed, I will let you go."
"Confess!" repeated the long-coated men loudly.
"The fact is I wanted… to come…" muttered Ah Q disjointedly, after a moment's confused thinking.
"In that case, why didn't you come?" asked the old man gently.
"The Imitation Foreign Devil wouldn't let me!"
"Nonsense! It is too late to talk now. Where are your accomplices?"
"What?…"
"The people who robbed the Chao family that night."
"They didn't come to call me. They moved the things away themselves." Mention of this made Ah Q indignant.
"Where did they go? When you have told me I will let you go," repeated the old man even more gently.
"I don't know… they didn't come to call me…"
Then, at a sign from the old man, Ah Q was dragged back through the barred door. The following morning he was dragged out once more.
Everything was unchanged in the big hall. The old man with the clean-shaven head was still sitting there, and Ah Q knelt down again as before.
"Have you anything else to say?" asked the old man gently. Ah Q thought, and decided there was nothing to say, so he answered, "Nothing."
Then a man in a long coat brought a sheet of paper and held a brush in front of Ah Q, which he wanted to thrust into his hand. Ah Q was now nearly frightened out of his wits, because this was the first time in his life that his hand had ever come into contact with a writing brush. He was just wondering how to hold it when the man pointed out a place on the paper, and told him to sign his name.
"I-I-can't write," said Ah Q, shamefaced, nervously holding the brush.
"In that case, to make it easy for you, draw a circle!"
Ah Q tried to draw a circle, but the hand with which he grasped the brush trembled, so the man spread the paper on the ground for him. Ah Q bent down and, as painstakingly as if his life depended on it, drew a circle. Afraid people would laugh at him, he determined to make the circle round; however, not only was that wretched brush very heavy, but it would not do his bidding. Instead it wobbled from side to side; and just as the line was about to close it swerved out again, making a shape like a melon seed.
While Ah Q was ashamed because he had nor been able to draw a round circle, the man had already taken back the paper and brush without any comment. A number of people then dragged him back for the third time through the barred door.
This time he did not feel particularly irritated. He supposed that in this world it was the fate of everybody at some time to be dragged in and out of prison, and to have to draw circles on paper; it was only because his circle had not been round that he felt there was a stain on his reputation. Presently, however, he regained composure by thinking, "Only idiots can make perfect circles." And with this thought he fell asleep.
That night, however, the successful provincial candidate was unable to go to sleep, because he had quarrelled with the captain. The successful provincial candidate had insisted that the most important thing was to recover the stolen goods, while the captain said the most important thing was to make a public example. Recently the captain had come to treat the successful provincial candidate quite disdainfully. So, banging his fist on the table, he said, "Punish one to awe one hundred! See now, I have been a member of the revolutionary party for less than twenty days, but there have been a dozen cases of robbery, none of them solved yet; and think how badly that reflects on me. Now this one has been solved, you come and argue like a pedant. It won't do! This is my affair."
The successful provincial candidate was very upset, but he still persisted, saying that if the stolen goods were nor recovered, he would resign immediately from his post as assistant civil administrator. "As you please!" said the captain.
In consequence the successful provincial candidate did not sleep that night, but happily he did not hand in his resignation the next day after all.
The third time that Ah Q was dragged out of the barred door, was the morning following the night on which the successful provincial candidate had been unable to sleep. When he reached the big ball, the old man with the clean-shaven head was still sitting there as usual, and Ah Q also knelt down as usual.
Very gently the old man questioned him: "Have you anything more to say?"
Ah Q thought, and decided there was nothing to say, so he answered, "Nothing."
A number of men in long coats and short jackets put a white vest of foreign cloth on him. It had some black characters on it. Ah Q felt considerably disconcerted, because this was very like mourning dress, and to wear mourning was unlucky. At the same time his hands were bound behind his back, and he was dragged out of the yamen.
Ah Q was lifted on to an uncovered cart, and several men in short jackets sat down with him. The cart started off at once. In front were a number of soldiers and militiamen shouldering foreign rifles, and on both sides were crowds of gaping spectators, while what was behind Ah Q could not see. Suddenly it occurred to him-"Can I be going to have my head cut off?" Panic seized him and everything turned dark before his eyes, while there was a humming in his ears as if he had fainted. But he did not really faint. Although he felt frightened some of the time, the rest of the time he was quite calm. It seemed to him that in this world probably it was the fate of everybody at some time to have his head cut off.
He still recognized the road and felt rather surprised: why were they not going to the execution ground? He did not know that he was being paraded round the streets as a public example. But if he had known, it would have been the same; he would only have thought that in this world probably it was the fate of everybody at some time to be made a public example of.
Then he realized that they were making a detour to the execution ground, so, after all, he must be going to have his head cut off. He looked round him regretfully at the people swarming after him like ants, and unexpectedly in the crowd of people by the road he caught sight of Amah Wu. So that was why he had not seen her for so long: she was working in town.
Ah Q suddenly became ashamed of his lack of spirit, because he had not sung any lines from an opera. His thoughts revolved like a whirlwind: The Young Widow at Her Husband's Grave was not heroic enough. The words of "I regret to have killed" in The Battle of Dragon and Tiger were too poor. I'll thrash you with a steel mace was still the best. But when he wanted to raise his hands, he remembered that they were bound together; so he did not sing I'll thrash you either.
"In twenty years I shall be another…" [21] In his agitation Ah Q uttered half a saying which he had picked up himself but never used before. The crowd's roar "Good!!!" sounded like the growl of a wolf.
The cart moved steadily forward. During the shouting Ah Q's eyes turned in search of Amah Wu, but she did not seem to have seen him for she was looking intently at the foreign rifles carried by the soldiers.
So Ah Q took another look at the shouting crowd.
At that instant his thoughts revolved again like a whirlwind. Four years before, at the foot of the mountain, he had met a hungry wolf which had followed him at a set distance, wanting to eat him. He had nearly died of fright, but luckily he happened to have an axe in his hand, which gave him the courage to get back to Weichuang. He had never forgotten that wolf's eyes, fierce yet cowardly, gleaming like two will-o'-the-wisps, as if boring into him from a distance. Now he saw eyes more terrible even than the wolf's: dull yet penetrating eyes that, having devoured his words, still seemed eager to devour something beyond his flesh and blood. And these eyes kept following him at a set distance.
These eyes seemed to have merged into one, biting into his soul.
"Help, help!"
But Ah Q never uttered these words. All had turned black before his eyes, there was a buzzing in his ears, and he felt as if his whole body were being scattered like so much light dust. As for the after-effects of the robbery, the most affected was the successful provincial candidate, because the stolen goods were never recovered. All his family lamented bitterly. Next came the Chao household; for when the successful county candidate went into town to report the robbery, nor only did he have his pigtail cut off by bad revolutionaries, but he had to pay a reward of twenty thousand cash into the bargain; so all the Chao family lamented bitterly too. From that day forward they gradually assumed the air of the survivors of a fallen dynasty.
As for any discussion of the event, no question was raised in Weichuang. Naturally all agreed that Ah Q had been a bad man, the proof being that he had been shot; for if he had not been bad, how could he have been shot? But the consensus of opinion in town was unfavourable. Most people were dissatisfied, because a shooting was nor such a fine spectacle as a decapitation; and what a ridiculous culprit he had been too, to pass through so many streets without singing a single line from an opera They had followed him for nothing.
December 1921
Lu Xun
***



[21] "In twenty years I shall be another stout young fellow" was a phrase often used by criminals before execution, to show their scorn of death.

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发表于 2022-3-4 01:56:32 | 显示全部楼层
第9章 大团圆
赵家遭抢之后,未庄人大抵很快意而且恐慌,阿Q也很快意而且恐慌。但四天之后,阿Q在半夜里忽被抓进县城里去了。那时恰是暗夜,一队兵,一队团丁,一队警察,五个侦探,悄悄地到了未庄,乘昏暗围住土谷祠,正对门架好机关枪;然而阿Q不冲出。许多时没有动静,把总焦急起来了,悬了二十千的赏,才有两个团丁冒了险,逾垣进去,里应外合,一拥而入,将阿Q抓出来;直待擒出祠外面的机关枪左近,他才有些清醒了。

    到进城,已经是正午,阿Q见自己被搀进一所破衙门,转了五六个弯,便推在一间小屋里。他刚刚一跄踉,那用整株的木料做成的栅栏门便跟着他的脚跟阖上了,其余的三面都是墙壁,仔细看时,屋角上还有两个人。

    阿Q虽然有些忐忑,却并不很苦闷,因为他那土谷祠里的卧室,也并没有比这间屋子更高明。那两个也仿佛是乡下人,渐渐和他兜搭起来了,一个说是举人老爷要追他祖父欠下来的陈租,一个不知道为了什么事。他们问阿Q,阿Q爽利的答道,"因为我想造反。"

    他下半天便又被抓出栅栏门去了,到得大堂,上面坐着一个满头剃得精光的老头子。阿Q疑心他是和尚,但看见下面站着一排兵,两旁又站着十几个长衫人物,也有满头剃得精光像这老头子的,也有将一尺来长的头发披在背后像那假洋鬼子的,都是一脸横肉,怒目而视的看他;他便知道这人一定有些来历,膝关节立刻自然而然的宽松,便跪了下去了。

    "站着说!不要跪!"长衫人物都吆喝说。

    阿Q虽然似乎懂得,但总觉得站不住,身不由己的蹲了下去,而且终于趁势改为跪下了。

    "奴隶性!……"长衫人物又鄙夷似的说,但也没有叫他起来。

    "你从实招来罢,免得吃苦。我早都知道了。招了可以放你。"那光头的老头子看定了阿Q的脸,沉静的清楚的说。

    "招罢!"长衫人物也大声说。

    "我本来要……来投……"阿Q胡里胡涂的想了一通,这才断断续续的说。

    "那么,为什么不来的呢?"老头子和气的问。

    "假洋鬼子不准我!"

    "胡说!此刻说,也迟了。现在你的同党在那里?"

    "什么?……"

    "那一晚打劫赵家的一伙人。"

    "他们没有来叫我。他们自己搬走了。"阿Q提起来便愤愤。

    "走到那里去了呢?说出来便放你了。"老头子更和气了。

    "我不知道,……他们没有来叫我……"

    然而老头子使了一个眼色,阿Q便又被抓进栅栏门里了。他第二次抓出栅栏门,是第二天的上午。

    大堂的情形都照旧。上面仍然坐着光头的老头子,阿Q也仍然下了跪。

    老头子和气的问道,"你还有什么话说么?"

    阿Q一想,没有话,便回答说,"没有。"

    于是一个长衫人物拿了一张纸,并一支笔送到阿Q的面前,要将笔塞在他手里。阿Q这时很吃惊,几乎"魂飞魄散"了:因为他的手和笔相关,这回是初次。他正不知怎样拿;那人却又指着一处地方教他画花押。

    "我……我……不认得字。"阿Q一把抓住了笔,惶恐而且惭愧的说。

    "那么,便宜你,画一个圆圈!"

    阿Q要画圆圈了,那手捏着笔却只是抖。于是那人替他将纸铺在地上,阿Q伏下去,使尽了平生的力气画圆圈。他生怕被人笑话,立志要画得圆,但这可恶的笔不但很沉重,并且不听话,刚刚一抖一抖的几乎要合缝,却又向外一耸,画成瓜子模样了。

    阿Q正羞愧自己画得不圆,那人却不计较,早已掣了纸笔去,许多人又将他第二次抓进栅栏门。

    他第二次进了栅栏,倒也并不十分懊恼。他以为人生天地之间,大约本来有时要抓进抓出,有时要在纸上画圆圈的,惟有圈而不圆,却是他"行状"上的一个污点。但不多时也就释然了,他想:孙子才画得很圆的圆圈呢。于是他睡着了。

    然而这一夜,举人老爷反而不能睡:他和把总呕了气了。举人老爷主张第一要追赃,把总主张第一要示众。把总近来很不将举人老爷放在眼里了,拍案打凳的说道,"惩一儆百!你看,我做革命党还不上二十天,抢案就是十几件,全不破案,我的面子在那里?破了案,你又来迂。不成!这是我管的!"举人老爷窘急了,然而还坚持,说是倘若不追赃,他便立刻辞了帮办民政的职务。而把总却道,"请便罢!"于是举人老爷在这一夜竟没有睡,但幸第二天倒也没有辞。


    阿Q第三次抓出栅栏门的时候,便是举人老爷睡不着的那一夜的明天的上午了。他到了大堂,上面还坐着照例的光头老头子;阿Q也照例的下了跪。

    老头子很和气的问道,"你还有什么话么?"

    阿Q一想,没有话,便回答说,"没有。"

    许多长衫和短衫人物,忽然给他穿上一件洋布的白背心,上面有些黑字。阿Q很气苦:因为这很像是带孝,而带孝是晦气的。然而同时他的两手反缚了,同时又被一直抓出衙门外去了。

    阿Q被抬上了一辆没有蓬的车,几个短衣人物也和他同坐在一处。这车立刻走动了,前面是一班背着洋炮的兵们和团丁,两旁是许多张着嘴的看客,后面怎样,阿Q没有见。但他突然觉到了:这岂不是去杀头么?他一急,两眼发黑,耳朵里〔口皇〕的一声,似乎发昏了。然而他又没有全发昏,有时虽然着急,有时却也泰然;他意思之间,似乎觉得人生天地间,大约本来有时也未免要杀头的。

    他还认得路,于是有些诧异了:怎么不向着法场走呢?他不知道这是在游街,在示众。但即使知道也一样,他不过便以为人生天地间,大约本来有时也未免要游街要示众罢了。

    他省悟了,这是绕到法场去的路,这一定是"嚓"的去杀头。他惘惘的向左右看,全跟着马蚁似的人,而在无意中,却在路旁的人丛中发见了一个吴妈。很久违,伊原来在城里做工了。阿Q忽然很羞愧自己没志气:竟没有唱几句戏。他的思想仿佛旋风似的在脑里一回旋:《小孤孀上坟》欠堂皇,《龙虎斗》里的"悔不该……"也太乏,还是"手执钢鞭将你打"罢。他同时想手一扬,才记得这两手原来都捆着,于是"手执钢鞭"也不唱了。

    "过了二十年又是一个……"阿Q在百忙中,"无师自通"的说出半句从来不说的话。

    "好!!!"从人丛里,便发出豺狼的嗥叫一般的声音来。

    车子不住的前行,阿Q在喝采声中,轮转眼睛去看吴妈,似乎伊一向并没有见他,却只是出神的看着兵们背上的洋炮。

    阿Q于是再看那些喝采的人们。

    这刹那中,他的思想又仿佛旋风似的在脑里一回旋了。四年之前,他曾在山脚下遇见一只饿狼,永是不近不远的跟定他,要吃他的肉。他那时吓得几乎要死,幸而手里有一柄斫柴刀,才得仗这壮了胆,支持到未庄;可是永远记得那狼眼睛,又凶又怯,闪闪的像两颗鬼火,似乎远远的来穿透了他的皮肉。而这回他又看见从来没有见过的更可怕的眼睛了,又钝又锋利,不但已经咀嚼了他的话,并且还要咀嚼他皮肉以外的东西,永是不近不远的跟他走。

    这些眼睛们似乎连成一气,已经在那里咬他的灵魂。

    "救命,……"

    然而阿Q没有说。他早就两眼发黑,耳朵里嗡的一声,觉得全身仿佛微尘似的迸散了。

    至于当时的影响,最大的倒反在举人老爷,因为终于没有追赃,他全家都号啕了。其次是赵府,非特秀才因为上城去报官,被不好的革命党剪了辫子,而且又破费了二十千的赏钱,所以全家也号啕了。从这一天以来,他们便渐渐的都发生了遗老的气味。

    至于舆论,在未庄是无异议,自然都说阿Q坏,被枪毙便是他的坏的证据:不坏又何至于被枪毙呢?而城里的舆论却不佳,他们多半不满足,以为枪毙并无杀头这般好看;而且那是怎样的一个可笑的死囚呵,游了那么久的街,竟没有唱一句戏:他们白跟一趟了。

    一九二一年十二月。

    □注释

    ⑴本篇最初分章发表于北京《晨报副刊》,自一九二一年十二月四日起至一九二二年二月十二日止,每周或隔周刊登一次,署名巴人。作者在一九二五年曾为这篇小说的俄文译本写过一篇短序,后收在《集外集》中;一九二六年又写过《阿Q正传的成因》一文,收在《华盖集续编》中,都可参看。

    ⑵"立言":我国古代所谓"三不朽"之一。《左传》襄公二十四年载鲁国大夫叔孙豹的话:"太上有立德,其次有立功,其次有立言,虽久不废,此之谓不朽。"

    ⑶"名不正则言不顺":语见《论语·子路》。

    ⑷内传:小说体传记的一种。作者在一九三一年三月三日给《阿Q正传》日译者山上正义的校释中说:"昔日道士写仙人的事多以内传题名。"

    ⑸"正史":封建时代由官方撰修或认可的史书。清代乾隆时规定自《史记》至《明史》历代二十四部纪传体史书为"正史"。"正史"中的"列传"部分,一般都是著名人物的传记。


    ⑹宣付国史馆立"本传":旧时效忠于统治阶级的重要人物或所谓名人,死后由政府明令褒扬,令文末常有"宣付国史馆立传"的话。历代编纂史书的机构,名称不一,清代叫国史馆。辛亥革命后,北洋军阀及国民党政府都曾沿用这一名称。

    ⑺迭更司(1812-1870):通译狄更斯,英国小说家。著有《大卫·科波菲尔》、《双城记》等。《博徒别传》原名《劳特奈·斯吞》,英国小说家柯南·道尔(1859-1930)著。鲁迅在一九二六年八月八日致韦素园信中曾说:"《博徒别传》是RodneyStone的译名,但是C。Doyle做的。《阿Q正传》中说是迭更司作,乃是我误记。"

    ⑻"引车卖浆者流"所用的话:指白话文。一九三一年三月三日作者给日本山上正义的校释中说:"引车卖浆,即拉车卖豆腐浆之谓,系指蔡元培氏之父。那时,蔡元培氏为北京大学校长,亦系主张白话者之一,故亦受到攻击之矢。"

    ⑼不入三教九流的小说家:三教,指儒教、佛教、道教;九流,即九家。《汉书·艺文志》中分古代诸子为十家:儒家、道家、阴阳家、法家、名家、墨家、纵横家、杂家、农家、小说家,并说:"诸子十家,其可观者九家而已。""小说家者流,盖出于稗官。街谈巷语,道听途说者之所造也。……是以君子弗为也。"

    ⑽《书法正传》:一部关于书法的书,清代冯武著,共十卷。这里的"正传"是"正确的传授"的意思。

    ⑾"著之竹帛":语出《吕氏春秋·仲春纪》:"著乎竹帛,传乎后世。"竹,竹简;帛,绢绸。我国古代未发明造纸前曾用来书写文字。

    ⑿茂才:即秀才。东汉时,因为避光武帝刘秀的名讳,改秀才为茂才;后来有时也沿用作秀才的别称。

    ⒀陈独秀办了《新青年》提倡洋字:指一九一八年前后钱玄同等人在《新青年》杂志上开展关于废除汉字、改用罗马字母拼音的讨论一事。一九三一年三月三日作者在给山上正义的校释中说:"主张使用罗马字母的是钱玄同,这里说是陈独秀,系茂才公之误。"

    ⒁《郡名百家姓》:《百家姓》是以前学塾所用的识字课本之一,宋初人编纂。为便于诵读,将姓氏连缀为四言韵语。《郡名百家姓》则在每一姓上都附注郡(古代地方区域的名称)名,表示某姓望族曾居古代某地,如赵为"天水"、钱为"彭城"之类。


    ⒂胡适之(1891-1962):即胡适,安徽绩溪人,买办资产阶级文人、政客。他在一九二○年七月所作《〈水浒传〉考证》中自称"有历史癖与考据癖"。

    ⒃"行状":原指封建时代记述死者世系、籍贯、生卒、事迹的文字,一般由其家属撰写。这里泛指经历。

    ⒄土谷祠:即土地庙。土谷,指土地神和五谷神。

    ⒅"文童":也称"童生",指科举时代习举业而尚未考取秀才的人。

    ⒆状元:科举时代,经皇帝殿试取中的第一名进士叫状元。

    ⒇押牌宝:一种赌博。赌局中为主的人叫"桩家";下文的"青龙"、"天门"、"穿堂"等都是押牌宝的用语,指押赌注的位置;"四百"、"一百五十"是押赌注的钱数。

    ①"塞翁失马安知非福":据《淮南子·人间训》:"近塞上之人有善术者,马无故亡胡中,人皆吊之。其父曰:此何遽不能为福乎?居数月,其马将胡骏马而归,人皆贺之。其父曰:此何遽不能为祸乎?家富马良,其子好骑,堕而折髀,人皆吊之。其父曰:此何遽不能为福乎?居一年,胡人大入塞,丁壮者控弦而战,塞上之人死者十九,此独以跛之故,父子相保。故福之为祸,祸之为福,化不可极,深不可测也。"

    ②赛神:即迎神赛会,旧时的一种迷信习俗。以鼓乐仪仗和杂戏等迎神出庙,周游街巷,以酬神祈福。

    ③《小孤孀上坟》:当时流行的一出绍兴地方戏。

    ④太牢:按古代祭礼,原指牛、羊、豕三牲,但后来单称牛为太牢。

    ⑤皇帝已经停了考:光绪三十一年(1905),清政府下令自丙午科起,废止科举考试。

    ⑥哭丧棒:旧时在为父母送殡时,儿子须手拄"孝杖",以表示悲痛难支。阿Q因厌恶假洋鬼子,所以把他的手杖咒为"哭丧棒"。

    ⑦"不孝有三无后为大":语见《孟子·离娄》。据汉代赵岐注:"于礼有不孝者三事,谓阿意曲从,陷亲不义,一不孝也;家穷亲老,不为禄仕,二不孝也;不娶无子,绝先祖祀,三不孝也。三者之中,无后为大。"


    ⑧"若敖之鬼馁而":语出《左传》宣公四年:楚国令尹子良(若敖氏)的儿子越椒长相凶恶,子良的哥哥子文认为越椒长大后会招致灭族之祸,要子良杀死他。子良没有依从。子文临死时说:"鬼犹求食,若敖氏之鬼不其馁而。"意思是若敖氏以后没有子孙供饭,鬼魂都要挨饿了。而,语尾助词。

    ⑨"不能收其放心":《尚书·毕命》:"虽收放心,闲之维艰。"放心,心无约束的意思。

    ⑩妲己:殷纣王的妃子。下文的褒姒是周幽王的妃子。《史记》中有商因妲己而亡,周因褒姒而衰的记载。貂蝉是《三国演义》中王允家的一个歌妓,书中有吕布为争夺她而杀死董卓的故事。作者在这里是讽刺那种把历史上亡国败家的原因都归罪于妇女的观点。

    ㈠"男女之大防":指封建礼教对男女之间所规定的严格界限,如"男子居外,女子居内"(《礼记·内则》),"男女授受不亲"(《孟子·离娄》),等等。

    ㈡"诛心":犹"诛意"。《后汉书·霍〔言胥〕传》:"《春秋》之义,原情定过,赦事诛意。"诛心、诛意,指不问实际情形如何而主观地推究别人的居心。

    ㈢"而立":语出《论语·为政》:"三十而立"。原是孔丘说他三十岁在学问上有所自立的话,后来就常被用作三十岁的代词。

    ㈣小Don:即小同。作者在《且介亭杂文·寄〈戏〉周刊编者信》中说:"他叫小同,大起来,和阿Q一样。"

    ㈤"我手执钢鞭将你打!":这一句及下文的"悔不该,酒醉错斩了郑贤弟",都是当时绍兴地方戏《龙虎斗》中的唱词。这出戏演的是宋太祖赵匡胤和呼延赞交战的故事。郑贤弟,指赵匡胤部下猛将郑子明。

    ㈥"士别三日便当刮目相待":语出《三国志·吴书·吕蒙传》裴松之注:"士别三日,即更刮目相待。"刮目,拭目的意思。


    ㈦三十二张的竹牌:一种赌具。即牙牌或骨牌,用象牙或兽骨所制,简陋的就用竹制成。下文的"麻酱"指麻雀牌,俗称麻将,也是一种赌具。阿Q把"麻将"讹为"麻酱"。

    ㈧三百大钱九二串:即"三百大钱,以九十二文作为一百"(见《华盖集续编·阿Q正传的成因》)。旧时我国用的铜钱,中有方孔,可用绳子串在一起,每千枚(或每枚"当十"的大钱一百枚)为一串,称作一吊,但实际上常不足数。

    ㈨"庭训":《论语·季氏》载:孔丘"尝独立,鲤(按:即孔丘的儿子)趋而过庭",孔丘要他学"诗"、学"礼"。后来就常有人称父亲的教训为"庭训"或"过庭之训"。

    ㈩"斯亦不足畏也矣":语见《论语·子罕》。

    (⒈)宣统三年九月十四日:这一天是公元一九一一年十一月四日,辛亥革命武昌起义后的第二十五天。据《中国革命记》第三册(一九一一年上海自由社编印)记载:辛亥九月十四日杭州府为民军占领,绍兴府即日宣布光复。

    (⒉)穿着崇正皇帝的素:崇正,作品中人物对崇祯的讹称。崇祯是明思宗(朱由检)的年号。明亡于清,后来有些农民起义的部队,常用"反清复明"的口号来反对清朝统治,因此直到清末还有人认为革命军起义是替崇祯皇帝报仇。

    (⒊)宁式床:浙江宁波一带制作的一种比较讲究的床。

    (⒋)"咸与维新":语见《尚书·胤征》:"旧染污俗,咸与维新。"原意是对一切受恶习影响的人都给以弃旧从新的机会。这里指辛亥革命时革命派与反对势力妥协,地主官僚等乘此投机的现象。

    (⒌)宣德炉:明宣宗宣德年间(1426-1435)制造的一种比较名贵的小型铜香炉,炉底有"大明宣德年制"字样。

    (⒍)把总:清代最下一级的武官。

    (⒎)"黄伞格":一种写信格式。这样的信表示对于对方的恭敬。

    (⒏)柿油党的顶子:柿油党是"自由党"的谐音,作者在《华盖集续集·阿Q正传的成因》中说:"柿油党……原是自由党,乡下人不能懂,便讹成他们能懂的柿油党了。"顶子是清代官员帽顶上表示官阶的帽珠。这里是未庄人把自由党的徽章比作官员的"顶子"。

    (⒐)翰林:唐代以来皇帝的文学侍从的名称。明、清时代凡进士选入翰林院供职者通称翰林,担任编修国史、起草文件等工作,是一种名望较高的文职官衔。

    (⒑)刘海仙:指五代时的刘海蟾。相传他在终南山修道成仙。流行于民间的他的画像,一般都是披着长发,前额覆有短发。

    (⒒)洪哥:大概指黎元洪。他原任清朝新军第二十一混成协的协统(相当于以后的旅长),一九一一年武昌起义时,被拉出来担任革命军的鄂军都督。他并未参与武昌起义的筹划。

    (⒓)羲皇:指伏羲氏。传说中我国上古时代的帝王。他的时代过去曾被形容为太平盛世。
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